- The
other three pramanas are more contentious:
comparison and
analogy (
upamāna);
postulation or
derivation from cir****stances (arthāpatti); and non-perception...
-
means of
gaining knowledge – Pratyakṣa (perception), Anumāṇa (inference),
Upamāna (comparison and analogy) and Śabda (word,
testimony of past or present...
-
means to
gaining knowledge: pratyakṣa or perception; anumāna or inference;
upamāṇa,
comparison and analogy; arthāpatti, the use of
postulation and derivation...
- it
lists rules when this
method can lead to
false knowledge. The word
upamana,
states Fowler, is a
compound of upa (similarity) and mana (knowledge)...
- with anumāna (inference),
upamāna (comparison), and śabda (verbal testimony). The
Sankhya school does not
recognize upamāna as a pramana,
while the Vedantins...
- Pratyakṣa –
Direct perception Anumāṇa –
Inference or
indirect perception Upamāṇa –
Comparison and
analogy Arthāpatti – Postulation,
derivation from cir****stances...
-
perception (pratyakşa),
inference (anumāna),
comparison or
similarity (
upamāna), and
testimony (sound or word; śabda).
Great stalwarts like
Basudev Sarvabhauma...
-
karmadharaya samasam Viśeshana
ubhayapada karmadharaya samasam Upamana purvapada karmadharaya samasam Upamana uttarapada karmadharaya samasam Avadharana purvapada...
-
Sources of
dharma Epistemology Pratyakṣa (perception) Anumāṇa (inference)
Upamāṇa (comparison, analogy) Arthāpatti (postulation, presumption) Anupalabdi...
- Parvacanasara,
Nandi and Anuyogadvarini. Some Jain
texts add
analogy (
upamana) as the
fourth reliable means, in a
manner similar to
epistemological theories...
