-
Ionizing (ionising) radiation,
including nuclear radiation,
consists of
subatomic particles or
electromagnetic waves that have
enough energy to ionize...
- (T1⁄2 = 138.38 day), a
volatile alpha-emitter
highly radiotoxic (the
highest known radiotoxicity,
above that of plutonium).
Although tin
today is not...
- pure lead) is
activated to form 210Po, polonium-210,
which is a
highly radiotoxic alpha emitter.
Although lead
virtually absorbs no neutrons,
because of...
-
extremely toxic; it and
other polonium isotopes are some of the most
radiotoxic substances to humans. With one
microgram of 210Po
being more than enough...
- half-life of 32,760 years and is a
major contributor to the long-term
radiotoxicity of
spent nuclear fuel.
Natural thorium decays very
slowly compared to...
- (from 238 U) and
minor actinides (from both 235 U and 238 U)
whose radiotoxicity is far
higher than that of the long
lived fission products. Concerns...
- series,
particularly radium will be
present in
trace amounts and form a
radiotoxic hazard.
While radium-228 (a
product of
thorium decay) will be present...
-
years to
millions of
years and as
alpha emitters they are
particularly radiotoxic.
While there are
proposed – and to a much
lesser extent current – uses...
- of long-term storage. By 500 years, the
material would have the same
radiotoxicity as coal ash. Nonetheless,
classification as
intermediate level waste...
-
elements of high
atomic number Z like
uranium exhibit phantom or
secondary radiotoxicity through absorption of
natural background gamma and X-rays and re-emission...
