- animal's body.
Nephridia come in two
basic categories:
metanephridia and
protonephridia. All nephridia- and kidney-
having animals belong to the
clade Nephrozoa...
- kidney,
removing waste materials.
Bundles of
flame cells are
called protonephridia. The
flame cell has a
nucleated cell body, with a "cup-shaped" projection...
- part of respiration, and the
protonephridia are
believed to
function mainly in osmoregulation. Unusually, the
protonephridia do not take the form of flame...
- like some
other flatworms,
cestodes excrete waste through flame cells (
protonephridia)
located in the proglottids. The sum of the
proglottids is
called a...
-
groove that
conducts food to the mouth. Most
species have a pair of
protonephridia which extract soluble wastes from the
internal fluids and eliminate...
-
called protonephridia to
excrete soluble waste products,
especially nitrogenous by-products of
cellular metabolism. In
nemertean protonephridia, flame...
-
referred to as
amphioxus (genus Branchiostoma),
utilize solenocytic protonephridia to
perform excretion. In
addition to excretion,
these cells contribute...
-
metanephridia to
remove soluble waste products,
while those without use
protonephridia. Both of
these systems use a two-stage
filtration process, in which...
- 2 -
apical tuft 3 -
prototroch 4 -
metatroch 5 -
nephridium 6 - **** 7 -
protonephridia 8 -
gastrointestinal tract 9 -
buccal opening 10 - blastocoele...
-
Their male and
female organs are
closely ****ociated with the
excretory protonephridia. They
comprise a pair of
branching tufts, each of
which opens to the...
