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Atmospheric hammerHammer Ham"mer, n. [OE. hamer, AS. hamer, hamor; akin to D.
hamer, G. & Dan. hammer, Sw. hammare, Icel. hamarr, hammer,
crag, and perh. to Gr. ? anvil, Skr. a?man stone.]
1. An instrument for driving nails, beating metals, and the
like, consisting of a head, usually of steel or iron,
fixed crosswise to a handle.
With busy hammers closing rivets up. --Shak.
2. Something which in firm or action resembles the common
hammer; as:
(a) That part of a clock which strikes upon the bell to
indicate the hour.
(b) The padded mallet of a piano, which strikes the wires,
to produce the tones.
(c) (Anat.) The malleus. See under Ear. (Gun.) That part
of a gunlock which strikes the percussion cap, or
firing pin; the cock; formerly, however, a piece of
steel covering the pan of a flintlock musket and
struck by the flint of the cock to ignite the priming.
(e) Also, a person of thing that smites or shatters; as,
St. Augustine was the hammer of heresies.
He met the stern legionaries [of Rome] who had
been the ``massive iron hammers' of the whole
earth. --J. H.
Newman.
Atmospheric hammer, a dead-stroke hammer in which the
spring is formed by confined air.
Drop hammer, Face hammer, etc. See under Drop, Face,
etc.
Hammer fish. See Hammerhead.
Hammer hardening, the process of hardening metal by
hammering it when cold.
Hammer shell (Zo["o]l.), any species of Malleus, a genus
of marine bivalve shells, allied to the pearl oysters,
having the wings narrow and elongated, so as to give them
a hammer-shaped outline; -- called also hammer oyster.
To bring to the hammer, to put up at auction. Atmospheric railwayRailroad Rail"road`, Railway Rail"way`, n.
1. A road or way consisting of one or more parallel series of
iron or steel rails, patterned and adjusted to be tracks
for the wheels of vehicles, and suitably supported on a
bed or substructure.
Note: The modern railroad is a development and adaptation of
the older tramway.
2. The road, track, etc., with al the lands, buildings,
rolling stock, franchises, etc., pertaining to them and
constituting one property; as, certain railroad has been
put into the hands of a receiver.
Note: Railway is the commoner word in England; railroad the
commoner word in the United States.
Note: In the following and similar phrases railroad and
railway are used interchangeably:
Atmospheric railway, Elevated railway, etc. See under
Atmospheric, Elevated, etc.
Cable railway. See Cable road, under Cable.
Perry railway, a submerged track on which an elevated
platform runs, fro carrying a train of cars across a water
course.
Gravity railway, a railway, in a hilly country, on which
the cars run by gravity down gentle slopes for long
distances after having been hauled up steep inclines to an
elevated point by stationary engines.
Railway brake, a brake used in stopping railway cars or
locomotives.
Railway car, a large, heavy vehicle with flanged wheels
fitted for running on a railway. [U.S.]
Railway carriage, a railway passenger car. [Eng.]
Railway scale, a platform scale bearing a track which forms
part of the line of a railway, for weighing loaded cars.
Railway slide. See Transfer table, under Transfer.
Railway spine (Med.), an abnormal condition due to severe
concussion of the spinal cord, such as occurs in railroad
accidents. It is characterized by ataxia and other
disturbances of muscular function, sensory disorders, pain
in the back, impairment of general health, and cerebral
disturbance, -- the symptoms often not developing till
some months after the injury.
Underground railroad or railway.
(a) A railroad or railway running through a tunnel, as
beneath the streets of a city.
(b) Formerly, a system of co["o]peration among certain
active antislavery people in the United States, by
which fugitive slaves were secretly helped to reach
Canada.
Note: [In the latter sense railroad, and not railway, was
used.] ``Their house was a principal entrep[^o]t of the
underground railroad.' --W. D. Howells. Atmospherically
Atmospherically At`mos*pher"ic*al*ly, adv.
In relation to the atmosphere.
Chromospheric
Chromospheric Chro`mo*spher"ic, a.
Of or pertaining to the chromosphere.
HelisphericHelispheric Hel`i*spher"ic, Helispherical Hel`i*spher"ic*al,
a. [Helix + spheric, spherical.]
Spiral.
Helispherical line (Math.). the rhomb line in navigation.
[R.] HelisphericalHelispheric Hel`i*spher"ic, Helispherical Hel`i*spher"ic*al,
a. [Helix + spheric, spherical.]
Spiral.
Helispherical line (Math.). the rhomb line in navigation.
[R.] Helispherical lineHelispheric Hel`i*spher"ic, Helispherical Hel`i*spher"ic*al,
a. [Helix + spheric, spherical.]
Spiral.
Helispherical line (Math.). the rhomb line in navigation.
[R.] Monospherical
Monospherical Mon`o*spher"ic*al, a. [Mono- + spherical.]
Consisting of one sphere only.
Perispheric
Perispheric Per`i*spher"ic, Perispherical Per`i*spher"ic*al,
a.
Exactly spherical; globular.
Perispherical
Perispheric Per`i*spher"ic, Perispherical Per`i*spher"ic*al,
a.
Exactly spherical; globular.
Photospheric
Photospheric Pho`to*spher"ic, a.
Of or pertaining to the photosphere.
Planispheric
Planispheric Plan`i*spher"ic, a.
Of or pertaining to a planisphere.
Semispheric
Semispheric Sem`i*spher"ic, Semispherical Sem`i*spher"ic*al,
a.
Having the figure of a half sphere. --Kirwan.
Semispherical
Semispheric Sem`i*spher"ic, Semispherical Sem`i*spher"ic*al,
a.
Having the figure of a half sphere. --Kirwan.
Spherical coordinates Note: Co["o]rdinates are of several kinds, consisting in some
of the different cases, of the following elements,
namely:
(a) (Geom. of Two Dimensions) The abscissa and ordinate of
any point, taken together; as the abscissa PY and
ordinate PX of the point P (Fig. 2, referred to the
co["o]rdinate axes AY and AX.
(b) Any radius vector PA (Fig. 1), together with its angle
of inclination to a fixed line, APX, by which any
point A in the same plane is referred to that fixed
line, and a fixed point in it, called the pole, P.
(c) (Geom. of Three Dimensions) Any three lines, or
distances, PB, PC, PD (Fig. 3), taken parallel to
three co["o]rdinate axes, AX, AY, AZ, and measured
from the corresponding co["o]rdinate fixed planes,
YAZ, XAZ, XAY, to any point in space, P, whose
position is thereby determined with respect to these
planes and axes.
(d) A radius vector, the angle which it makes with a fixed
plane, and the angle which its projection on the plane
makes with a fixed line line in the plane, by which
means any point in space at the free extremity of the
radius vector is referred to that fixed plane and
fixed line, and a fixed point in that line, the pole
of the radius vector.
Cartesian co["o]rdinates. See under Cartesian.
Geographical co["o]rdinates, the latitude and longitude of
a place, by which its relative situation on the globe is
known. The height of the above the sea level constitutes a
third co["o]rdinate.
Polar co["o]rdinates, co["o]rdinates made up of a radius
vector and its angle of inclination to another line, or a
line and plane; as those defined in
(b) and
(d) above.
Rectangular co["o]rdinates, co["o]rdinates the axes of
which intersect at right angles.
Rectilinear co["o]rdinates, co["o]rdinates made up of right
lines. Those defined in
(a) and
(c) above are called also Cartesian co["o]rdinates.
Trigonometrical or Spherical co["o]rdinates, elements of
reference, by means of which the position of a point on
the surface of a sphere may be determined with respect to
two great circles of the sphere.
Trilinear co["o]rdinates, co["o]rdinates of a point in a
plane, consisting of the three ratios which the three
distances of the point from three fixed lines have one to
another. Spherical excessExcess Ex*cess", n. [OE. exces, excess, ecstasy, L. excessus a
going out, loss of self-possession, fr. excedere, excessum,
to go out, go beyond: cf. F. exc[`e]s. See Exceed.]
1. The state of surpassing or going beyond limits; the being
of a measure beyond sufficiency, necessity, or duty; that
which exceeds what is usual or prover; immoderateness;
superfluity; superabundance; extravagance; as, an excess
of provisions or of light.
To gild refined gold, to paint the lily, To throw a
perfume on the violet, . . . Is wasteful and
ridiculous excess. --Shak.
That kills me with excess of grief, this with excess
of joy. --Walsh.
2. An undue indulgence of the appetite; transgression of
proper moderation in natural gratifications; intemperance;
dissipation.
Be not drunk with wine, wherein is excess. --Eph. v.
18.
Thy desire . . . leads to no excess That reaches
blame. --Milton.
3. The degree or amount by which one thing or number exceeds
another; remainder; as, the difference between two numbers
is the excess of one over the other.
Spherical excess (Geom.), the amount by which the sum of
the three angles of a spherical triangle exceeds two right
angles. The spherical excess is proportional to the area
of the triangle. Spherical sectorSector Sec"tor, n. [L., properly, a cutter, fr. secare,
sectum, to cut: cf. F. secteur. See Section.]
1. (Geom.) A part of a circle comprehended between two radii
and the included arc.
2. A mathematical instrument, consisting of two rulers
connected at one end by a joint, each arm marked with
several scales, as of equal parts, chords, sines,
tangents, etc., one scale of each kind on each arm, and
all on lines radiating from the common center of motion.
The sector is used for plotting, etc., to any scale.
3. An astronomical instrument, the limb of which embraces a
small portion only of a circle, used for measuring
differences of declination too great for the compass of a
micrometer. When it is used for measuring zenith distances
of stars, it is called a zenith sector.
Dip sector, an instrument used for measuring the dip of the
horizon.
Sector of a sphere, or Spherical sector, the solid
generated by the revolution of the sector of a circle
about one of its radii, or, more rarely, about any
straight line drawn in the plane of the sector through its
vertex. Spherical ungulaUngula Un"gu*la, n.; pl. Ungul[ae]. [L., a claw, hoof, from
unguis a nail, claw, hoof.]
1. A hoof, claw, or talon.
2. (Geom.) A section or part of a cylinder, cone, or other
solid of revolution, cut off by a plane oblique to the
base; -- so called from its resemblance to the hoof of a
horse.
3. (Bot.) Same as Unguis, 3.
Spherical ungula (Geom.), a part of a sphere bounded by two
planes intersecting in a diameter and by a line of the
surface of the sphere. Spherical wedgeWedge Wedge, n. [OE. wegge, AS. wecg; akin to D. wig, wigge,
OHG. wecki, G. weck a (wedge-shaped) loaf, Icel. veggr, Dan.
v[ae]gge, Sw. vigg, and probably to Lith. vagis a peg. Cf.
Wigg.]
1. A piece of metal, or other hard material, thick at one
end, and tapering to a thin edge at the other, used in
splitting wood, rocks, etc., in raising heavy bodies, and
the like. It is one of the six elementary machines called
the mechanical powers. See Illust. of Mechanical powers,
under Mechanical.
2. (Geom.) A solid of five sides, having a rectangular base,
two rectangular or trapezoidal sides meeting in an edge,
and two triangular ends.
3. A mass of metal, especially when of a wedgelike form.
``Wedges of gold.' --Shak.
4. Anything in the form of a wedge, as a body of troops drawn
up in such a form.
In warlike muster they appear, In rhombs, and
wedges, and half-moons, and wings. --Milton.
5. The person whose name stands lowest on the list of the
classical tripos; -- so called after a person (Wedgewood)
who occupied this position on the first list of 1828.
[Cant, Cambridge Univ., Eng.] --C. A. Bristed.
Fox wedge. (Mach. & Carpentry) See under Fox.
Spherical wedge (Geom.), the portion of a sphere included
between two planes which intersect in a diameter. Sphericle
Sphericle Spher"i*cle, n.
A small sphere.
Spherics
Spherics Spher"ics, n. (Math.)
The doctrine of the sphere; the science of the properties and
relations of the circles, figures, and other magnitudes of a
sphere, produced by planes intersecting it; spherical
geometry and trigonometry.
Subspherical
Subspherical Sub*spher"ic*al, a.
Nearly spherical; having a figure resembling that of a
sphere.
Meaning of Pheric from wikipedia
