- In optics, a
pencil or
pencil of rays is a
geometric construct used to
describe a beam or
portion of a beam
of electromagnetic radiation or
charged particles...
- the system.
Because the
index of refraction is included, the NA
of a
pencil of rays is an
invariant as a
pencil of rays p****es from one
material to another...
- A
colored pencil (American English),
coloured pencil (Commonwealth English),
colour pencil (Indian English), map
pencil,
pencil crayon, or coloured/colouring...
-
application of his
Hamiltonian optics method.
Consider a
pencil of light rays in a
homogenous medium that is
perpendicular to some surface. P**** the
pencil of rays...
-
Naming the
central ray p****ing
through the
entrance pupil the axis
of the
pencil or prin****l
ray, it can be said: the
rays of the
pencil intersect, not in...
-
rays intersect the
pupil at yp= 0. The prin****l
ray is both
sagittal and meridional. All
other sagittal rays are skew
rays. A
paraxial ray is a
ray that...
- The
grease pencil, a wax
writing tool also
known as a wax
pencil,
china marker, or
chinagraph pencil (especially in the
United Kingdom), is a writing...
-
imaginary intervening plane by a
pencil of rays proceeding from the eye, as a
fixed point of sight, to the
several points of the
object viewed. It was probably...
- to
graphic work
executed in a dry
medium such as silverpoint, graphite,
pencil,
charcoal or pastel. It may also
apply to
drawings executed in pen and ink...
-
notation of the
present article, the
second differential of the étendue, d2G ,
of the
pencil of light which "connects" the two
surface elements dA1 and...