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AtmosphereAtmosphere At"mos*phere, n. [Gr. ? vapor (akin to Skr.
[=a]tman breath, soul, G. athem breath) + ? sphere: cf. F.
atmosph[`e]re. See Sphere.]
1. (Physics)
(a) The whole mass of a["e]riform fluid surrounding the
earth; -- applied also to the gaseous envelope of any
celestial orb, or other body; as, the atmosphere of
Mars.
(b) Any gaseous envelope or medium.
An atmosphere of cold oxygen. --Miller.
2. A supposed medium around various bodies; as, electrical
atmosphere, a medium formerly supposed to surround
electrical bodies. --Franklin.
3. The pressure or weight of the air at the sea level, on a
unit of surface, or about 14.7 Ibs. to the sq. inch.
Hydrogen was liquefied under a pressure of 650
atmospheres. --Lubbock.
4. Any surrounding or pervading influence or condition.
The chillest of social atmospheres. --Hawthorne.
5. The portion of air in any locality, or affected by a
special physical or sanitary condition; as, the atmosphere
of the room; a moist or noxious atmosphere. Atmospheric hammerHammer Ham"mer, n. [OE. hamer, AS. hamer, hamor; akin to D.
hamer, G. & Dan. hammer, Sw. hammare, Icel. hamarr, hammer,
crag, and perh. to Gr. ? anvil, Skr. a?man stone.]
1. An instrument for driving nails, beating metals, and the
like, consisting of a head, usually of steel or iron,
fixed crosswise to a handle.
With busy hammers closing rivets up. --Shak.
2. Something which in firm or action resembles the common
hammer; as:
(a) That part of a clock which strikes upon the bell to
indicate the hour.
(b) The padded mallet of a piano, which strikes the wires,
to produce the tones.
(c) (Anat.) The malleus. See under Ear. (Gun.) That part
of a gunlock which strikes the percussion cap, or
firing pin; the cock; formerly, however, a piece of
steel covering the pan of a flintlock musket and
struck by the flint of the cock to ignite the priming.
(e) Also, a person of thing that smites or shatters; as,
St. Augustine was the hammer of heresies.
He met the stern legionaries [of Rome] who had
been the ``massive iron hammers' of the whole
earth. --J. H.
Newman.
Atmospheric hammer, a dead-stroke hammer in which the
spring is formed by confined air.
Drop hammer, Face hammer, etc. See under Drop, Face,
etc.
Hammer fish. See Hammerhead.
Hammer hardening, the process of hardening metal by
hammering it when cold.
Hammer shell (Zo["o]l.), any species of Malleus, a genus
of marine bivalve shells, allied to the pearl oysters,
having the wings narrow and elongated, so as to give them
a hammer-shaped outline; -- called also hammer oyster.
To bring to the hammer, to put up at auction. Atmospheric railwayRailroad Rail"road`, Railway Rail"way`, n.
1. A road or way consisting of one or more parallel series of
iron or steel rails, patterned and adjusted to be tracks
for the wheels of vehicles, and suitably supported on a
bed or substructure.
Note: The modern railroad is a development and adaptation of
the older tramway.
2. The road, track, etc., with al the lands, buildings,
rolling stock, franchises, etc., pertaining to them and
constituting one property; as, certain railroad has been
put into the hands of a receiver.
Note: Railway is the commoner word in England; railroad the
commoner word in the United States.
Note: In the following and similar phrases railroad and
railway are used interchangeably:
Atmospheric railway, Elevated railway, etc. See under
Atmospheric, Elevated, etc.
Cable railway. See Cable road, under Cable.
Perry railway, a submerged track on which an elevated
platform runs, fro carrying a train of cars across a water
course.
Gravity railway, a railway, in a hilly country, on which
the cars run by gravity down gentle slopes for long
distances after having been hauled up steep inclines to an
elevated point by stationary engines.
Railway brake, a brake used in stopping railway cars or
locomotives.
Railway car, a large, heavy vehicle with flanged wheels
fitted for running on a railway. [U.S.]
Railway carriage, a railway passenger car. [Eng.]
Railway scale, a platform scale bearing a track which forms
part of the line of a railway, for weighing loaded cars.
Railway slide. See Transfer table, under Transfer.
Railway spine (Med.), an abnormal condition due to severe
concussion of the spinal cord, such as occurs in railroad
accidents. It is characterized by ataxia and other
disturbances of muscular function, sensory disorders, pain
in the back, impairment of general health, and cerebral
disturbance, -- the symptoms often not developing till
some months after the injury.
Underground railroad or railway.
(a) A railroad or railway running through a tunnel, as
beneath the streets of a city.
(b) Formerly, a system of co["o]peration among certain
active antislavery people in the United States, by
which fugitive slaves were secretly helped to reach
Canada.
Note: [In the latter sense railroad, and not railway, was
used.] ``Their house was a principal entrep[^o]t of the
underground railroad.' --W. D. Howells. Atmospherically
Atmospherically At`mos*pher"ic*al*ly, adv.
In relation to the atmosphere.
Atmospherology
Atmospherology At`mos*phe*rol"o*gy, n. [Atmosphere + -logy.]
The science or a treatise on the atmosphere.
BlastosphereBlastosphere Blas"to*sphere, n. [Gr. blasto`s sprout + E.
sphere.] (Biol.)
The hollow globe or sphere formed by the arrangement of the
blastomeres on the periphery of an impregnated ovum.
Note: [See Illust. of Invagination.] CentrosphereCentrosphere Cen"tro*sphere, n. [Gr. ? centre + sphere.]
1. (Geol.) The nucleus or central part of the earth, forming
most of its mass; -- disting. from lithosphere,
hydrosphere, etc.
2. (Biol.) The central mass of an aster from which the rays
extend and within which the centrosome lies when present;
the attraction sphere. The name has been used both as
excluding and including the centrosome, and also to
designate a modified mass of protoplasm about a centrosome
whether aster rays are developed or not. Chromatosphere
Chromatosphere Chro"ma*to*sphere`, n.
A chromosphere. [R.]
Chromosphere
Chromosphere Chro"mo*sphere, n. [Gr. ? color + E. sphere.]
(Astron.)
An atmosphere of rare matter, composed principally of
incandescent hydrogen gas, surrounding the sun and enveloping
the photosphere. Portions of the chromosphere are here and
there thrown up into enormous tongues of flame.
Chromospheric
Chromospheric Chro`mo*spher"ic, a.
Of or pertaining to the chromosphere.
Coccosphere
Coccosphere Coc"co*sphere, n. [Gr. ? a grain, seed + E.
sphere.] (Biol.)
A small, rounded, marine organism, capable of braking up into
coccoliths.
Cosmosphere
Cosmosphere Cos"mo*sphere (k[o^]z"m?-sf?r), n. [Gr. ko`smos
the world + E. sphere.]
An apparatus for showing the position of the earth, at any
given time, with respect to the fixed stars. It consist of a
hollow glass globe, on which are depicted the stars and
constellations, and within which is a terrestrial globe.
Hydrosphere
Hydrosphere Hy"dro*sphere, n. [Pref. hydro-, 1 + sphere.]
1. (Meteor.) The aqueous vapor of the entire atmosphere.
2. (Phys. Geog.) The aqueous envelope of the earth, including
the ocean, all lakes, streams, and underground waters, and
the aqueous vapor in the atmosphere.
Leucosphere
Leucosphere Leu"co*sphere (-sf[=e]r), n. [Leuco- + sphere.]
(Astron.)
The inner corona. [R.]
Lithosphere
Lithosphere Lith"o*sphere, n. [Litho- + sphere.] (Phys. Geog.)
(a) The solid earth as distinguished from its fluid
envelopes, the hydrosphere and atmosphere.
(b) The outer part of the solid earth, the portion undergoing
change through the gradual transfer of material by
volcanic eruption, the circulation of underground water,
and the process of erosion and deposition. It is,
therefore, regarded as a third mobile envelope comparable
with the hydrosphere and atmosphere.
Monospherical
Monospherical Mon`o*spher"ic*al, a. [Mono- + spherical.]
Consisting of one sphere only.
Orbitosphenoid
Orbitosphenoid Or`bi*to*sphe"noid, a. [Orbit + sphenoid.]
(Anat.)
Of or pertaining to the sphenoid bone and the orbit, or to
the orbitosphenoid bone. -- n. The orbitosphenoid bone, which
is situated in the orbit on either side of the presphenoid.
It generally forms a part of the sphenoid in the adult.
Orbitosphenoidal
Orbitosphenoidal Or`bi*to*sphe*noid"al, a. (Anat.)
Of or pertaining to the orbitosphenoid bone; orbitosphenoid.
PhosphenePhosphene Phos"phene, n. [Gr. ? light + ? to show.] (Physiol.)
A luminous impression produced through excitation of the
retina by some cause other than the impingement upon it of
rays of light, as by pressure upon the eyeball when the lids
are closed. Cf. After-image. Photosphere
Photosphere Pho"to*sphere, n. [Photo- + sphere.]
A sphere of light; esp., the luminous envelope of the sun.
Photospheric
Photospheric Pho`to*spher"ic, a.
Of or pertaining to the photosphere.
Pseudosphere
Pseudosphere Pseu"do*sphere`, n. [Pseudo- + sphere.] (Geom.)
The surface of constant negative curvature generated by the
revolution of a tractrix. This surface corresponds in
non-Euclidian space to the sphere in ordinary space. An
important property of the surface is that any figure drawn
upon it can be displaced in any way without tearing it or
altering in size any of its elements.
Rhabdosphere
Rhabdosphere Rhab"do*sphere, n. [Gr. "ra`bdos a rod + E.
sphere.]
A minute sphere composed of rhabdoliths.
Spermosphere
Spermosphere Sper"mo*sphere, n. [Spermo- + sphere.] (Physiol.)
A mass or ball of cells formed by the repeated division of a
male germinal cell (spermospore), each constituent cell
(spermoblast) of which is converted into a spermatozoid; a
spermatogemma.
Trochosphere
Trochosphere Troch"o*sphere, n. [Gr. ? a wheel + sphere.]
(Zo["o]l.)
A young larval form of many annelids, mollusks, and
bryozoans, in which a circle of cilia is developed around the
anterior end.
Zygosphene
Zygosphene yg"o*sphene, n. [Gr. ? a yoke + ? a wedge.]
(Anat.)
A median process on the front part of the neural arch of the
vertebr[ae] of most snakes and some lizards, which fits into
a fossa, called the zygantrum, on the back part of the arch
in front.
Meaning of Osphe from wikipedia
