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Bitter principlesBitter Bit"ter, a. [AS. biter; akin to Goth. baitrs, Icel.
bitr, Dan., Sw., D., & G. bitter, OS. bittar, fr. root of E.
bite. See Bite, v. t.]
1. Having a peculiar, acrid, biting taste, like that of
wormwood or an infusion of hops; as, a bitter medicine;
bitter as aloes.
2. Causing pain or smart; piercing; painful; sharp; severe;
as, a bitter cold day.
3. Causing, or fitted to cause, pain or distress to the mind;
calamitous; poignant.
It is an evil thing and bitter, that thou hast
forsaken the Lord thy God. --Jer. ii. 19.
4. Characterized by sharpness, severity, or cruelty; harsh;
stern; virulent; as, bitter reproach.
Husbands, love your wives, and be not bitter against
them. --Col. iii.
19.
5. Mournful; sad; distressing; painful; pitiable.
The Egyptians . . . made their lives bitter with
hard bondage. --Ex. i. 14.
Bitter apple, Bitter cucumber, Bitter gourd. (Bot.) See
Colocynth.
Bitter cress (Bot.), a plant of the genus Cardamine, esp.
C. amara.
Bitter earth (Min.), tale earth; calcined magnesia.
Bitter principles (Chem.), a class of substances, extracted
from vegetable products, having strong bitter taste but
with no sharply defined chemical characteristics.
Bitter salt, Epsom salts; magnesium sulphate.
Bitter vetch (Bot.), a name given to two European
leguminous herbs, Vicia Orobus and Ervum Ervilia.
To the bitter end, to the last extremity, however
calamitous.
Syn: Acrid; sharp; harsh; pungent; stinging; cutting; severe;
acrimonious. CondiscipleCondisciple Con`dis*ci"ple, n. [L. condiscipulus. See
Disciple.]
A schoolfellow; a fellow-student. [R.] DiscipleDisciple Dis*ci"ple, n. [OE. disciple, deciple, OF. disciple,
fr. L. discipulus, fr. discere to learn (akin to docere to
teach; see Docile) + prob. a root meaning to turn or drive,
as in L. pellere to drive (see Pulse).]
One who receives instruction from another; a scholar; a
learner; especially, a follower who has learned to believe in
the truth of the doctrine of his teacher; an adherent in
doctrine; as, the disciples of Plato; the disciples of our
Savior.
The disciples, or The twelve disciples, the twelve
selected companions of Jesus; -- also called the
apostles.
Disciples of Christ. See Christian, n., 3, and
Campbellite.
Syn: Learner; scholar; pupil; follower; adherent. DiscipleDisciple Dis*ci"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discipled; p. pr. &
vb. n. Discipling.]
1. To teach; to train. [Obs.]
That better were in virtues discipled. --Spenser.
2. To punish; to discipline. [Obs.] --B. Jonson.
3. To make disciples of; to convert to doctrines or
principles. [R.]
Sending missionaries to disciple all nations. --E.
D. Griffin. DiscipledDisciple Dis*ci"ple, v. t. [imp. & p. p. Discipled; p. pr. &
vb. n. Discipling.]
1. To teach; to train. [Obs.]
That better were in virtues discipled. --Spenser.
2. To punish; to discipline. [Obs.] --B. Jonson.
3. To make disciples of; to convert to doctrines or
principles. [R.]
Sending missionaries to disciple all nations. --E.
D. Griffin. Disciples of ChristDisciple Dis*ci"ple, n. [OE. disciple, deciple, OF. disciple,
fr. L. discipulus, fr. discere to learn (akin to docere to
teach; see Docile) + prob. a root meaning to turn or drive,
as in L. pellere to drive (see Pulse).]
One who receives instruction from another; a scholar; a
learner; especially, a follower who has learned to believe in
the truth of the doctrine of his teacher; an adherent in
doctrine; as, the disciples of Plato; the disciples of our
Savior.
The disciples, or The twelve disciples, the twelve
selected companions of Jesus; -- also called the
apostles.
Disciples of Christ. See Christian, n., 3, and
Campbellite.
Syn: Learner; scholar; pupil; follower; adherent. Disciples of ChristChristian Chris"tian, n. [L. christianus, Gr. ?; cf. AS.
cristen. See Christ.]
1. One who believes, or professes or is assumed to believe,
in Jesus Christ, and the truth as taught by Him;
especially, one whose inward and outward life is conformed
to the doctrines of Christ.
The disciples were called Christians first in
Antioch. --Acts xi. 26.
2. One born in a Christian country or of Christian parents,
and who has not definitely becomes an adherent of an
opposing system.
3. (Eccl.)
(a) One of a Christian denomination which rejects human
creeds as bases of fellowship, and sectarian names.
They are congregational in church government, and
baptize by immersion. They are also called Disciples
of Christ, and Campbellites.
(b) One of a sect (called Christian Connection) of
open-communion immersionists. The Bible is their only
authoritative rule of faith and practice.
Note: In this sense, often pronounced, but not by the members
of the sects, kr[=i]s"chan. Discipleship
Discipleship Dis*ci"ple*ship, n.
The state of being a disciple or follower in doctrines and
precepts. --Jer. Taylor.
Discipless
Discipless Dis*ci"pless, n.
A female disciple. [Obs.]
ExcipleExciple Ex"ci*ple, Excipulum Ex*cip"u*lum, n. [NL.
excipulum, fr. L. excipere. See Except.] (Bot.)
The outer part of the fructification of most lichens. extractive principleExtract Ex"tract`, n.
1. That which is extracted or drawn out.
2. A portion of a book or document, separately transcribed; a
citation; a quotation.
3. A decoction, solution, or infusion made by drawing out
from any substance that which gives it its essential and
characteristic virtue; essence; as, extract of beef;
extract of dandelion; also, any substance so extracted,
and characteristic of that from which it is obtained; as,
quinine is the most important extract of Peruvian bark.
4. (Med.) A solid preparation obtained by evaporating a
solution of a drug, etc., or the fresh juice of a plant;
-- distinguished from an abstract. See Abstract, n., 4.
5. (Old Chem.) A peculiar principle once erroneously supposed
to form the basis of all vegetable extracts; -- called
also the extractive principle. [Obs.]
6. Extraction; descent. [Obs.] --South.
7. (Scots Law) A draught or copy of writing; certified copy
of the proceedings in an action and the judgement therein,
with an order for execution. --Tomlins.
Fluid extract (Med.), a concentrated liquid preparation,
containing a definite proportion of the active principles
of a medicinal substance. At present a fluid gram of
extract should represent a gram of the crude drug. High-principled
High-principled High"-prin`ci*pled, a.
Possessed of noble or honorable principles.
MancipleManciple Man"ci*ple, n. [From OF. mancipe slave, servant (with
l inserted, as in participle), fr. L. mancipium. See
Mancipate.]
A steward; a purveyor, particularly of a college or Inn of
Court. --Chaucer. nervous principleSpirit Spir"it, n. [OF. espirit, esperit, F. esprit, L.
spiritus, from spirare to breathe, to blow. Cf. Conspire,
Expire, Esprit, Sprite.]
1. Air set in motion by breathing; breath; hence, sometimes,
life itself. [Obs.] ``All of spirit would deprive.'
--Spenser.
The mild air, with season moderate, Gently
attempered, and disposed eo well, That still it
breathed foorth sweet spirit. --Spenser.
2. A rough breathing; an aspirate, as the letter h; also, a
mark to denote aspiration; a breathing. [Obs.]
Be it a letter or spirit, we have great use for it.
--B. Jonson.
3. Life, or living substance, considered independently of
corporeal existence; an intelligence conceived of apart
from any physical organization or embodiment; vital
essence, force, or energy, as distinct from matter.
4. The intelligent, immaterial and immortal part of man; the
soul, in distinction from the body in which it resides;
the agent or subject of vital and spiritual functions,
whether spiritual or material.
There is a spirit in man; and the inspiration of the
Almighty giveth them understanding. --Job xxxii.
8.
As the body without the spirit is dead, so faith
without works is dead also. --James ii.
26.
Spirit is a substance wherein thinking, knowing,
doubting, and a power of moving, do subsist.
--Locke.
5. Specifically, a disembodied soul; the human soul after it
has left the body.
Then shall the dust return to the earth as it was,
and the spirit shall return unto God who gave it.
--Eccl. xii.
7.
Ye gentle spirits far away, With whom we shared the
cup of grace. --Keble.
6. Any supernatural being, good or bad; an apparition; a
specter; a ghost; also, sometimes, a sprite,; a fairy; an
elf.
Whilst young, preserve his tender mind from all
impressions of spirits and goblins in the dark.
--Locke.
7. Energy, vivacity, ardor, enthusiasm, courage, etc.
``Write it then, quickly,' replied Bede; and
summoning all his spirits together, like the last
blaze of a candle going out, he indited it, and
expired. --Fuller.
8. One who is vivacious or lively; one who evinces great
activity or peculiar characteristics of mind or temper;
as, a ruling spirit; a schismatic spirit.
Such spirits as he desired to please, such would I
choose for my judges. --Dryden.
9. Temper or disposition of mind; mental condition or
disposition; intellectual or moral state; -- often in the
plural; as, to be cheerful, or in good spirits; to be
downhearted, or in bad spirits.
God has . . . made a spirit of building succeed a
spirit of pulling down. --South.
A perfect judge will read each work of wit With the
same spirit that its author writ. --Pope.
10. Intent; real meaning; -- opposed to the letter, or to
formal statement; also, characteristic quality,
especially such as is derived from the individual genius
or the personal character; as, the spirit of an
enterprise, of a document, or the like.
11. Tenuous, volatile, airy, or vapory substance, possessed
of active qualities.
All bodies have spirits . . . within them. --Bacon.
12. Any liquid produced by distillation; especially, alcohol,
the spirits, or spirit, of wine (it having been first
distilled from wine): -- often in the plural.
13. pl. Rum, whisky, brandy, gin, and other distilled liquors
having much alcohol, in distinction from wine and malt
liquors.
14. (Med.) A solution in alcohol of a volatile principle. Cf.
Tincture. --U. S. Disp.
15. (Alchemy) Any one of the four substances, sulphur, sal
ammoniac, quicksilver, or arsenic (or, according to some,
orpiment).
The four spirits and the bodies seven. --Chaucer.
16. (Dyeing) Stannic chloride. See under Stannic.
Note: Spirit is sometimes joined with other words, forming
compounds, generally of obvious signification; as,
spirit-moving, spirit-searching, spirit-stirring, etc.
Astral spirits, Familiar spirits, etc. See under
Astral, Familiar, etc.
Animal spirits.
(a) (Physiol.) The fluid which at one time was supposed
to circulate through the nerves and was regarded as
the agent of sensation and motion; -- called also the
nervous fluid, or nervous principle.
(b) Physical health and energy; frolicsomeness;
sportiveness.
Ardent spirits, strong alcoholic liquors, as brandy, rum,
whisky, etc., obtained by distillation.
Holy Spirit, or The Spirit (Theol.), the Spirit of God,
or the third person of the Trinity; the Holy Ghost. The
spirit also signifies the human spirit as influenced or
animated by the Divine Spirit.
Proof spirit. (Chem.) See under Proof.
Rectified spirit (Chem.), spirit rendered purer or more
concentrated by redistillation, so as to increase the
percentage of absolute alcohol.
Spirit butterfly (Zo["o]l.), any one of numerous species of
delicate butterflies of tropical America belonging to the
genus Ithomia. The wings are gauzy and nearly destitute
of scales.
Spirit duck. (Zo["o]l.)
(a) The buffle-headed duck.
(b) The golden-eye.
Spirit lamp (Art), a lamp in which alcohol or methylated
spirit is burned.
Spirit level. See under Level.
Spirit of hartshorn. (Old Chem.) See under Hartshorn.
Spirit of Mindererus (Med.), an aqueous solution of acetate
of ammonium; -- named after R. Minderer, physician of
Augsburg.
Spirit of nitrous ether (Med. Chem.), a pale yellow liquid,
of a sweetish taste and a pleasant ethereal odor. It is
obtained by the distillation of alcohol with nitric and
sulphuric acids, and consists essentially of ethyl nitrite
with a little acetic aldehyde. It is used as a
diaphoretic, diuretic, antispasmodic, etc. Called also
sweet spirit of niter.
Spirit of salt (Chem.), hydrochloric acid; -- so called
because obtained from salt and sulphuric acid. [Obs.]
Spirit of sense, the utmost refinement of sensation. [Obs.]
--Shak.
Spirits, or Spirit, of turpentine (Chem.), rectified
oil of turpentine, a transparent, colorless, volatile, and
very inflammable liquid, distilled from the turpentine of
the various species of pine; camphine. See Camphine.
Spirit of vitriol (Chem.), sulphuric acid; -- so called
because formerly obtained by the distillation of green
vitriol. [Obs.]
Spirit of vitriolic ether (Chem.) ether; -- often but
incorrectly called sulphuric ether. See Ether. [Obs.]
Spirits, or Spirit, of wine (Chem.), alcohol; -- so
called because formerly obtained by the distillation of
wine.
Spirit rapper, one who practices spirit rapping; a
``medium' so called.
Spirit rapping, an alleged form of communication with the
spirits of the dead by raps. See Spiritualism, 3.
Sweet spirit of niter. See Spirit of nitrous ether,
above. ParticipleParticiple Par"ti*ci*ple, n. [F. participe, L. participium,
fr. particeps sharing, participant; pars, gen. partis, a part
+ capere to take. See Participate.]
1. (Gram.) A part of speech partaking of the nature both verb
and adjective; a form of a verb, or verbal adjective,
modifying a noun, but taking the adjuncts of the verb from
which it is derived. In the sentences: a letter is
written; being asleep he did not hear; exhausted by toil
he will sleep soundly, -- written, being, and exhaustedare
participles.
By a participle, [I understand] a verb in an
adjectival aspect. --Earle.
Note: Present participles, called also imperfect, or
incomplete, participles, end in -ing. Past participles,
called also perfect, or complete, participles, for the
most part end in -ed, -d, -t, -en, or -n. A participle
when used merely as an attribute of a noun, without
reference to time, is called an adjective, or a
participial adjective; as, a written constitution; a
rolling stone; the exhausted army. The verbal noun in
-ing has the form of the present participle. See
Verbal noun, under Verbal, a.
2. Anything that partakes of the nature of different things.
[Obs.]
The participles or confines between plants and
living creatures. --Bacon. PrinciplePrinciple Prin"ci*ple, n. [F. principe, L. principium
beginning, foundation, fr. princeps, -cipis. See Prince.]
1. Beginning; commencement. [Obs.]
Doubting sad end of principle unsound. --Spenser.
2. A source, or origin; that from which anything proceeds;
fundamental substance or energy; primordial substance;
ultimate element, or cause. Principle of contradictionContradiction Con`tra*dic"tion, n. [L. contradictio answer,
objection: cf. F. contradiction.]
1. An assertion of the contrary to what has been said or
affirmed; denial of the truth of a statement or assertion;
contrary declaration; gainsaying.
His fair demands Shall be accomplished without
contradiction. --Shak.
2. Direct opposition or repugnancy; inconsistency;
incongruity or contrariety; one who, or that which, is
inconsistent.
can be make deathless death? That were to make
Strange contradiction. --Milton.
We state our experience and then we come to a manly
resolution of acting in contradiction to it.
--Burke.
Both parts of a contradiction can not possibly be
true. --Hobbes.
Of contradictions infinite the slave. --Wordsworth.
Principle of contradiction (Logic), the axiom or law of
thought that a thing cannot be and not be at the same
time, or a thing must either be or not be, or the same
attribute can not at the same time be affirmed and and
denied of the same subject.
Note: It develops itself in three specific forms which have
been called the ``Three Logical Axioms.' First, ``A is
A.' Second, ``A is not Not-A' Third, ``Everything is
either A or Not-A.' Principle of virtual velocitiesVirtual Vir"tu*al (?; 135), a. [Cf. F. virtuel. See Virtue.]
1. Having the power of acting or of invisible efficacy
without the agency of the material or sensible part;
potential; energizing.
Heat and cold have a virtual transition, without
communication of substance. --Bacon.
Every kind that lives, Fomented by his virtual
power, and warmed. --Milton.
2. Being in essence or effect, not in fact; as, the virtual
presence of a man in his agent or substitute.
A thing has a virtual existence when it has all the
conditions necessary to its actual existence.
--Fleming.
To mask by slight differences in the manners a
virtual identity in the substance. --De Quincey.
Principle of virtual velocities (Mech.), the law that when
several forces are in equilibrium, the algebraic sum of
their virtual moments is equal to zero.
Virtual focus (Opt.), the point from which rays, having
been rendered divergent by reflection of refraction,
appear to issue; the point at which converging rays would
meet if not reflected or refracted before they reach it.
Virtual image. (Optics) See under Image.
Virtual moment (of a force) (Mech.), the product of the
intensity of the force multiplied by the virtual velocity
of its point of application; -- sometimes called virtual
work.
Virtual velocity (Mech.), a minute hypothetical
displacement, assumed in analysis to facilitate the
investigation of statical problems. With respect to any
given force of a number of forces holding a material
system in equilibrium, it is the projection, upon the
direction of the force, of a line joining its point of
application with a new position of that point indefinitely
near to the first, to which the point is conceived to have
been moved, without disturbing the equilibrium of the
system, or the connections of its parts with each other.
Strictly speaking, it is not a velocity but a length.
Virtual work. (Mech.) See Virtual moment, above. Principle of vis vivaVis Vis, n.
1. Force; power.
2. (Law)
(a) Physical force.
(b) Moral power.
Principle of vis viva (Mech.), the principle that the
difference between the aggregate work of the accelerating
forces of a system and that of the retarding forces is
equal to one half the vis viva accumulated or lost in the
system while the work is being done.
Vis impressa [L.] (Mech.), force exerted, as in moving a
body, or changing the direction of its motion; impressed
force.
Vis inerti[ae]. [L.]
(a) The resistance of matter, as when a body at rest is
set in motion, or a body in motion is brought to rest,
or has its motion changed, either in direction or in
velocity.
(b) Inertness; inactivity.
Note: Vis interti[ae] and inertia are not strictly
synonymous. The former implies the resistance itself
which is given, while the latter implies merely the
property by which it is given.
Vis mortua [L.] (Mech.), dead force; force doing no active
work, but only producing pressure.
Vis vit[ae], or Vis vitalis [L.] (Physiol.), vital force.
Vis viva [L.] (Mech.), living force; the force of a body
moving against resistance, or doing work, in distinction
from vis mortua, or dead force; the kinetic energy of a
moving body; the capacity of a moving body to do work by
reason of its being in motion. See Kinetic energy, in
the Note under Energy. The term vis viva is not usually
understood to include that part of the kinetic energy of
the body which is due to the vibrations of its molecules. Proximate principleProximate Prox"i*mate, a. [L. proximatus, p. p. of proximare
to come near, to approach, fr. proximus the nearest, nest,
superl. of propior nearer, and prope, adv., near.]
Nearest; next immediately preceding or following. ``Proximate
ancestors.' --J. S. Harford.
The proximate natural causes of it [the deluge]. --T.
Burnet.
Proximate analysis (Chem.), an analysis which determines
the proximate principles of any substance, as contrasted
with an ultimate analysis.
Proximate cause.
(a) A cause which immediately precedes and produces the
effect, as distinguished from the remote, mediate, or
predisposing cause. --I. Watts.
(b) That which in ordinary natural sequence produces a
specific result, no independent disturbing agencies
intervening.
Proximate principle (Physiol. Chem.), one of a class of
bodies existing ready formed in animal and vegetable
tissues, and separable by chemical analysis, as albumin,
sugar, collagen, fat, etc.
Syn: Nearest; next; closest; immediate; direct. The disciplesDisciple Dis*ci"ple, n. [OE. disciple, deciple, OF. disciple,
fr. L. discipulus, fr. discere to learn (akin to docere to
teach; see Docile) + prob. a root meaning to turn or drive,
as in L. pellere to drive (see Pulse).]
One who receives instruction from another; a scholar; a
learner; especially, a follower who has learned to believe in
the truth of the doctrine of his teacher; an adherent in
doctrine; as, the disciples of Plato; the disciples of our
Savior.
The disciples, or The twelve disciples, the twelve
selected companions of Jesus; -- also called the
apostles.
Disciples of Christ. See Christian, n., 3, and
Campbellite.
Syn: Learner; scholar; pupil; follower; adherent. The twelve disciplesDisciple Dis*ci"ple, n. [OE. disciple, deciple, OF. disciple,
fr. L. discipulus, fr. discere to learn (akin to docere to
teach; see Docile) + prob. a root meaning to turn or drive,
as in L. pellere to drive (see Pulse).]
One who receives instruction from another; a scholar; a
learner; especially, a follower who has learned to believe in
the truth of the doctrine of his teacher; an adherent in
doctrine; as, the disciples of Plato; the disciples of our
Savior.
The disciples, or The twelve disciples, the twelve
selected companions of Jesus; -- also called the
apostles.
Disciples of Christ. See Christian, n., 3, and
Campbellite.
Syn: Learner; scholar; pupil; follower; adherent. Unprinciple
Unprinciple Un*prin"ci*ple, v. t. [1st pref. un- + principle.]
To destroy the moral principles of. [R.]
UnprincipledUnprincipled Un*prin"ci*pled, a. [Pref. un- not + principled.]
Being without principles; especially, being without right
moral principles; also, characterized by absence of
principle. -- Un*prin"ci*pled*ness, n. UnprinciplednessUnprincipled Un*prin"ci*pled, a. [Pref. un- not + principled.]
Being without principles; especially, being without right
moral principles; also, characterized by absence of
principle. -- Un*prin"ci*pled*ness, n. Vital principleVital Vi"tal, a. [F., fr. L. vitalis, fr. vita life; akin to
vivere to live. See Vivid.]
1. Belonging or relating to life, either animal or vegetable;
as, vital energies; vital functions; vital actions.
2. Contributing to life; necessary to, or supporting, life;
as, vital blood.
Do the heavens afford him vital food? --Spenser.
And vital virtue infused, and vital warmth.
--Milton.
3. Containing life; living. ``Spirits that live throughout,
vital in every part.' --Milton.
4. Being the seat of life; being that on which life depends;
mortal.
The dart flew on, and pierced a vital part. --Pope.
5. Very necessary; highly important; essential.
A competence is vital to content. --Young.
6. Capable of living; in a state to live; viable. [R.]
Pythagoras and Hippocrates . . . affirm the birth of
the seventh month to be vital. --Sir T.
Browne.
Vital air, oxygen gas; -- so called because essential to
animal life. [Obs.]
Vital capacity (Physiol.), the breathing capacity of the
lungs; -- expressed by the number of cubic inches of air
which can be forcibly exhaled after a full inspiration.
Vital force. (Biol.) See under Force. The vital forces,
according to Cope, are nerve force (neurism), growth force
(bathmism), and thought force (phrenism), all under the
direction and control of the vital principle. Apart from
the phenomena of consciousness, vital actions no longer
need to be considered as of a mysterious and unfathomable
character, nor vital force as anything other than a form
of physical energy derived from, and convertible into,
other well-known forces of nature.
Vital functions (Physiol.), those functions or actions of
the body on which life is directly dependent, as the
circulation of the blood, digestion, etc.
Vital principle, an immaterial force, to which the
functions peculiar to living beings are ascribed.
Vital statistics, statistics respecting the duration of
life, and the circumstances affecting its duration.
Vital tripod. (Physiol.) See under Tripod.
Vital vessels (Bot.), a name for latex tubes, now disused.
See Latex.
Meaning of CIPLE from wikipedia
