-
these are
almost universally accepted:
perception (pratyakṣa),
inference (
anumāna), and "word" (śabda),
meaning the
testimony of past or
present reliable...
-
Pramanas as
reliable means of
gaining knowledge – Pratyakṣa (perception),
Anumāṇa (inference), Upamāna (comparison and analogy) and Śabda (word, testimony...
-
epistemically reliable means to
gaining knowledge: pratyakṣa or perception;
anumāna or inference; upamāṇa,
comparison and analogy; arthāpatti, the use of postulation...
- Dignāga's
epistemology accepted only "perception" (pratyaksa) and "inference" (
anumāṇa) as
valid instruments of
knowledge and
introduced the
widely influential...
-
within different Indian philsophical schools: Pratyakṣa (perception),
Anumāna (inference), Śabda or āgama "(word,
testimony of past or
present reliable...
-
means of
gaining reliable knowledge.
These include Pratyakṣa (perception),
Anumāṇa (inference) and
Sabda (Āptavacana, word/testimony of
reliable sources)...
- of
gaining knowledge, as does yoga.
These are pratyakṣa ('perception'),
anumāṇa ('inference') and śabda (āptavacana, meaning, 'word/testimony of reliable...
-
cannot be
settled or
resolved by
pratyaksa (perception) or by
anumana (inference).
Anumana occupies the next position. When an
issue cannot be
settled through...
- on "its
likeness to
another thing which is familiar". It
differs from
Anumana (inference) in
lacking a
direct or
immediate causal relation. It differs...
-
means of
accurate knowledge and truths: Pratyakṣa –
Direct perception Anumāṇa –
Inference or
indirect perception Upamāṇa –
Comparison and
analogy Arthāpatti...
